NATO states have increased the levels of cooperation and capabilities in terms of cyber attacks on member states. Areas of increased cooperation include information sharing in real time, integrating national cyber capabilities into NATO planning and operations, creating Rapid Reaction teams, and training via the NATO Center of Excellence for Cyber Defense in Estonia. Cyberattacks are included in the provisos of Article 5, which declares that an attack on one member is an attack on all members. The attack threshold that would merit an Article 5 designation remains unknown, but this uncertainty acts as an deterrent, albeit an imperfect one, against attackers who must continue to carefully probe and test NATO responses to cyber attacks in member states.
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