“Cyber is a relatively new realm of security that states across the world have to contend with. From deciding what constitutes an ‘attack’ to what constitutes a ‘proportionate response,’ many states are still struggling to understand this new sphere. Such issues require international cooperation to establish new norms, and in a parallel effort, states are doing as much as they can unilaterally to defend themselves. However, Japan, in particular, is still lagging.”

Source: Japan’s Achilles Heel: Cybersecurity | The Diplomat